“In Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture” by Frederick Jameson Essay

It is true that manipulation theory sometimes finds a special place in its scheme for those rare cultural objects which can be said to have overt political and social content: thus, 60s protest songs, The Salt of the Earth, Clancey Segals novels or Sol Yuricks, chicano murals, and the San Francisco Mime Troop. This is not the place to raise the complicated problem of political art today, except to say that our business as culture critics requires us to raise it, and to rethink what are still essentially 30s categories in some new and more satisfactory contemporary way. (Jameson 139)I initially read this quote as a praise of political art as so worthy an object of study that its complexities could not be fully addressed within the scope of Jamesons work. In other words, Jameson was humbly admitting that political art is deserving of its own lengthy analysis. Why, though, is Jameson incapable of addressing political art (and implicitly counter culture) for more than a page in his ninet een page essay describing modern culture?As I reread the quote, I began to hear a dismissive tone in the words special place and rare. How rare is overt political and social content? How rare are 60s protest songs? While the historicity of the category 60s can be appreciated, and indeed Jamesons use of it appears to be grounded in skepticism towards the authenticity of political art emerging outside of collective life, it seems as if Jameson is using it to contain a threat to his argument. The threat, that is, that overt political art and action have been present and overt since before the 1960s, and continue to persist now. I feel that, to a significant extent, his position as academic shields him from and allows him to theorize away a counterculture that has been very much alive and struggling. Or, as Hakim Bey opens his TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism, CHAOS NEVER DIED.The production or assumption of a limited period of the 60s tends to perpetuate a nostalgic distance from a period of political art, counterculture, and resistance that never really ended (or began). In man y ways the 60s have come to resemble a safe countercultural commodity. One can easily find coffee table books on the collective rebellious phase of the baby boomers youth, or one can watch the Wonder Years or Forest Gump and recall a period before choosing to turn off, tune out, drop in. If these experiences are too lonely, one can visit my home town of Cleveland, Ohio with family and peruse the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to study Beatles  artifacts or Jimi Hendrix guitars behind glass for a $10 fee. All of these commodities appear to recuperate political art and counterculture except for that they only do so in retrospect, and in a fashion that uses physical/spatial distance to construct a sense of historical distance that must be willfully believed. Just a few blocks away museum visitors, were they to instead choose to visit the Tower City Mall at public square on a Sunday, would likely encounter middle class kids and homeless people dissolving cultural boundaries at Cleveland Food Not Bombs. I dont propose, in response, a hasty rejection of some mythically totalitarian historical metanarrative, but rather I propose a more complete and honest history that dissolves the nostalgic distance between political art then and recuperated art now. Unfortunately for Jameso n, who has chosen to ignore the reality of such a history for the sake of a commentary on his own constructed meta-society, many post-60s examples easily come to mind. The punk rock movement, certainly with a strong collective component, produced material easily accessible to mass culture. The Sex Pistols Anarchy in the U.K. was released in 1976, and Crass was releasing agitating songs like Do They Owe Us A Living?, Punk is Dead, and Fight War Not Wars in 1978. Rage Against the Machine, arguably one of the more important alternative bands of the 1990s, initiated a radical Axis of Justice with System of a Down and donated all of its proceeds from a tour with U2 to organizations as overtly resistant as EZLN. Any middle class adolescent who frequented Ozzfest or other metal festivals in the 1990s and 2000s is likely aware of System of a Downs Steal This Album, or the lyrics to their politically charged Prison Song. Someone interested in hip hop enough to scratch the surface will likely encounter KRS-1s Sound of da Police released in 1993. And Radiohead, now international superstars, have just released their latest album essentially for free, bypassing the music industry entirely. Jameson might respond to me with a question like, yes, but why havent they worked?, expecting an answer affirming their status as commodities which could be subject to his ideology/utopia dialectic. My answer to such a question would be precisely my historical point: its in the works. Jameson cannot escape his own position within consumer capitalism in that it is his choice to perceive a large body of political art as contained within a diluted dialectic that imposes itself upon consumers. Perhaps a radically engaged and tactical  patience can be counterpoised against the image of the passive consumer. And besides, this is not to mention the countless DIY zines circulating around Infoshops, in radical circles, and across the hipster-radical bridge in trendy coffee shops. A nice account of post-60s anarchist praxis can be found in criminologist Jeff Ferrells Tearing Down the Streets: Adventures in Urban Anarchy, where he discusses his own experiences with collective activities as obverse as pirate radio, graffiti, and biking in critical masses. But are these practices rare? Perhaps only to those who continue to ignore, dismiss, and keep a distance from them. Are they exclusive? Well, this is not the place to raise the complicated problem of countercultural elitism and exclusion. For the rest of the items on Jamesons list, it appears as if he has chosen examples that fit his argument of rarity. When I searched for Clancey Segal on Google, for example, the only matching result I could find was Jamesons article! Perhaps my own ignorance is to blame for my unfamiliarity with the rest of the items on Jamesons list. If this is the case, how is it that I was able to come up with several examples of my own? Are they simply inauthentic, easily recuperated, or not overt enough? Am I a crazy radical detached from the revolutionary potentiality of mass culture? Or are my examples invalidated and recuperated precisely at the moment that Jamesons attitude of disengagement and struggle for theoretical security reposition them inside of some abstract near-omnipresent nightmare?Indeed, it often seems, provided one accepts the omnipresent nightmare situation, that any disbelief or skepticism towards such a macrocosm is analogous to falling back into the Matrix and being reint egrated into the naà ¯ve consumerist masses. But does the myth of the rarity of genuine and overt political art- and resistance in general- honestly acknowledge a totalizing or nearly totalizing condition like Guy Debords spectacle or Lewis Mumfords megamachine, or does it merely reveal its proponents inability or refusal to engage with political art and action of their contemporary milieu? To what extent does a fear of recuperation reproduce precisely the distance required for recuperation? The ideological component of Jamesons writing comes to bear in his own language: to rethink what are still essentially 30s categories in some new and more satisfactory contemporary way. I think Jameson redeems himself when his ideology/utopia dialectic of consumerism is pointed at criticism itself. Just as capital must re-create and recuperate a  utopian component in its commodities, Jameson and his perceived brotherhood of culture critics must re-think a rare and fetishized collection of genuine political art and acts to continue to theorize a hegemonic modern culture. If we directly engage in overt political art or action, however, the University can only have us, as rare historical events, in retrospect. Bey, Hakim. TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism. Autonomedia. 2003. Brooklyn, New York. Ferrell, Jeff. Tearing Down The Streets: Adventures in Urban Anarchy. Palgrave. New York, New York. 2001. Song release dates gathered from www.allmusic.com

Culture and packaging Essay

Packaging is considered to be an integral part of the product and is the first point of contact with the brand for a consumer product. So, most of the companies that do business internationally redesign their packages for each market. The principle reason is that expectations and utilizations of consumers vary across cultures. The world’s two leading industrial powers, U. S. and Japan have almost opposite approaches to packaging. Packaging is recognized as an expression of culture in Japan and designed to be appreciated, whereas in America cultural aspect is largely ignored and packaging is calculated to be accepted. Foods that only Japanese eat have beautiful, traditionally designed wrappings that resemble handmade paper or leaves and accommodate scan able bar codes. Such products look Japanese and are intended to do so. Products that are foreign, such as coffee, look foreign even to the point of having only Roman lettering on the can. We speak of global villages and international markets, but packages reveal some unexpected cultural boundaries. Few examples of such cultural implication of packaging are- Canadians prefer to drink milk out of flexible plastic pouches that fit into reusable plastic holders while Americans are believed to be so resistant to the idea that they have not been given the opportunity to do so, Japanese consumers prefer packages that contain two tennis balls and view the standard U. S. package of three as cheap and undesirable, Germans insist on highly detailed technical specifications on packages of videotapes, while Americans don’t, Swedes consider blue Colour of packaging as masculine whereas Dutch consider it to be feminine and so on. (Eric, J. A. et al. , 2004, p. 298) Culture & Packaging Colour Schmitt and Simpson (1997) states, Colour is one of the many marketing tools that global managers use to create, maintain, and modify brand images in customers’ minds while Schmitt and Pan (1994) discovers, Colour is also an important component of many corporate and brand-building cues, such as logos, packages, and displays. It is a commonality reflecting in the views of both the authors that- Colour is one of the major element which affects consumer perception regarding a brand. The research results show cross-cultural patterns of both similarity and dissimilarity in Colour preferences and Colour meaning associations. Colour used in packaging is equally important in determining a product’s desirability. â€Å"James Mandle, a Colour consultant, changed the Colour of Ty-D-Bol’s toilet bowl cleanser bottle from light and green to stark white letters on a dark background. He believed that the original Colours were â€Å"too wimpy† and that the new, bolder Colours would connote strength and cleanliness. In an 18 month period following the change of Colour, sales of Ty-D-Bol jumped 40% (Lane 1991). † (Thomas, J. M. et al. , 2000, p. 91) Packaging is not about Colour only there are various other factors involved in it. Factors like design shape of the package, text on the package and other factors of the packaging. But it is true that Colour is the most important attribute in terms of attracting the attention of the consumer. Packaging is not only made up of a single Colour but combination of Colours to create a brand image. So preferences in regard to combination of Colours also vary across cultures. Few examples of such combinations are of pairing Colours with green and red. The Colour best paired with green is yellow in Canada, Hong Kong, China, and Taiwan, blue in Columbia, and white in Austria. Only the Chinese and Taiwanese pair green with red as red is a potent Colour in China. In Brazil and the US people pair red with black, whereas in Canada, and China, the preferred combination with red is yellow. ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004) Culture & Packaging Information Packaging not only protects and contains a product but also provide the consumer with loads of information about the product such as its composition, correct use etc. For instance, packaging of foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals provides information regarding the name of the product, manufacturer, country of origin, â€Å"best before† date and expiry date, ingredients and additives or composition of drug along with quantity and price. Since packaging is subject to country-specific legislation so ear of legal action has made many companies in the US and the UK includes all sorts of warnings on label instructions on consumer goods. On bar of Dial soap: â€Å"Directions: Use like regular soap. † On a Sears hairdryer: â€Å"Do not use while sleeping. † On packaging for a Rowenta iron: â€Å"Do not iron clothes on body. † On Nytol sleep aid: â€Å"Warning: May cause drowsiness. † On a child’s Superman costume: â€Å"Wearing of this garment does not enable you to fly. † On Sainsbury’s peanuts: â€Å"Warning: contains nuts. † On Marks & Spencer bread pudding: â€Å"Product will be hot after heating. † On Boot’s child’s cough medicine:† Do not drive a car or operate machinery after taking this medication. † ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 265) In the present scenario various countries have included packaging waste into hazardous matter to contribute in pollution. This led the government to adopt some policies to restrict the use of non recyclable products as a packaging material where it is not required. These have also posed challenge among business organizations to try and find out recyclable materials and present themselves as a responsible corporate citizen among the stakeholders. This is also one aspect of culture which leads to this kind of environmental concern approach. Culture & Packaging Images/Pictures Imagery is an important element of packaging, as it enhances the accessibility of packaging information. As said by Bolen (1984), visual information in advertisements generally attracted more attention and was noticed before verbal advertising content. While Alesandrini (1982) declared, visual information may serve to attract consumer’s attention and set expectations for the contents of the verbal elements; the visual information thus serving as an â€Å"advance organizer† for the verbal elements of packaging. (Underwood et al. , 2001) Different culture recognizes various symbols differently with different meanings altogether. Picture that is very meaningful for people in one culture as it expresses important values of that culture can be completely meaningless to the people of the other culture. For instance, a box of pineapple cookies sold in Singapore has an image of a lion, as in Singapore lion is considered to be a symbol of royalty. Hence, if the similar box of cookies is launched in UK it won’t be given equivalent importance as in Singapore due to the differences lying in culture. Culture & Packaging Communication Customer or prospect judges the products on the basis of its name as well. Language used on the product package including its brand or product name creates impression among consumers. Consumer interprets the information selectively on the basis of his culture and his own personal factors. Different aspects of marketing communications like corporate identity, brand name, package design, and advertising styles impacts consumer in certain ways. Marketing communications styles are interrelated with personal communication styles. Chinese-speaking consumers tend to judge a brand name based on its visual appeal whereas English speakers judge brand name based on whether the name sounds appealing. In Asia, visual symbolism is a key aspect of a firm’s corporate identity. A comparative study of package design across seven countries found that packages differ both in three-dimensional design and in the way they communicate through graphical design and vary in the use of textual information; use of Colour, shape, and symbolism; and degree of structure and detail in the package design. All the above differences are highly influenced by culture. Even the product category is influenced by the packaging design, for example Deodorant is communicated differently from cigarettes, and that is reflected in its design of the packaging. ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 213) Why it is important to understand culture & differences in cultures? It is always very important for a marketer to understand the culture of his target market place. Many good products have failed in the market only due to ignorance of socio- cultural aspects. There are underlying components that influence culture such as religion, family, customs, politics, weather, etc, which must be taken into account when marketing products on an international basis. Consequently, it is important for marketers to be aware of the 25% of cultural differences in the world market to promote their product properly. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand similarities and differences in culture which also affects the consumer purchasing behaviours across the cultures. (Weber, J. M. et al. , 2002, p. 396) Tastes and preferences of consumers vary in different part of world. In the European continent itself consumer preferences and taste varies so much that retailers Marks & Spencer had to made different advertising campaigns for each country. Initially Marks & Spencer has a single uniform advertising for the whole of Europe in 2001. Later it recognized its weakness and immediately changed the advertising campaign according to the taste and preference of different parts of European continent at the end of 2001. Toyota’s model ‘Camry† was a huge success in US which it tried to launch in UK market in 2000. It was a huge failure due to difference in the lifestyle and cultural set up of these two countries. Toyota re-launched it later with changes in the model according to the European culture and it was a huge success. Companies have to estimate the strength of their products along with the market they are trying to trap irrespective of their own brand name and value. One of the mistakes by the snacks giant Kellogg’s is Indian market was with its breakfast cereals. Within Indian culture people tend to eat heavy breakfast in the morning. In such market breakfast cereals as a healthier alternative to the heavy Indian breakfast was unattractive offer to the Indians. Later on company improved its communication strategies and compared it with traditional chapattis (Indian breads). Even in that case Kellogg’s could sell to a Westernized niche market only. So it is quite clear from the above examples that thorough understanding of the culture as well as its differences across cultures is very important to survive in today’s competitive environment. There are some other companies which have done very well in understanding various markets on socio-cultural dimensions like Disney, Pizza hut, dominos, Mc-Donald’s and others. Success pf these brands was result of their conscious effort to keep the significance of culture in their minds. These companies went local irrespective of their global operations for each and every market for them. One such example is Mc-Donald’s. The reasons behind success of Mc-Donald’s in foreign markets apart from a strong brand image and consistent service a standard around the world is, its advertising which is local and its product offer has a local touch. Examples are the Kiwi burger in New Zealand; the Maharaja Mac in India; the Prosperity burger in Malaysia; the Teriyaki burger in Japan; the McKorket in the Netherlands; McLaks, a grilled salmon burger, in Norway; and the Croque McDo in France that refers to the popular French â€Å"Croque Monseiur†, a hot ham and cheese sandwich. Advertising by McDonald’s in France tied into local habits and symbols. In 2001, for example, advertising for McDonald in France tied into â€Å"Asterix and Obelisk,† the most famous historical cartoon of the nation. Hence, localization makes it increasingly important for marketing and advertising people to understand the influence of culture. ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 18) Importance of Colours can not be ignored in the case of international markets. Colours are associated with different cultural beliefs, moods and meanings. Understanding of these aspects of Colour, culture and society helps the organization to develop appropriate strategy. As said by (Kirmani 1997: Schmitt and Pan 1994), one marketing cue that global managers can use regardless of location is Colour. The effects of culture on the meaning associated with Colours are very critical for international marketing purposes. â€Å"Wagner, the creator of the Wagner Colour Research Institute, contends that Colours are associated with certain images (Lane 1991). For example, Blue is associated with wealth, trust, and security: Gray is associated with strength, exclusively, and success: and orange denotes cheapness. These associations may explain why banks are more likely to Colour their logos and collateral using Blue or Gray rather than orange ( Seitel 1993). It is cultural background due to which Colour has a strong effect on choice of a customer. It is important to understand which Colours are preferred by people in different cultures. It will help to create, maintain, or modify brand images in consumers’ minds. The associated with Colours and combination of Colours are important to understand for any marketer. â€Å"Colour combinations are considered culturally bound with certain ideologies and traditions (Geboy 1996). For example, black on red signifies happiness to Chinese people and is commonly used for wedding invitations while a combination of red over white represents celebration and signifies the life force to the Japanese ( Tektronix 1998). (Thomas, J. M. et al. , 2000) After Colour it is cultural beliefs which have impact on the consumer minds. It is important to understand the beliefs related to target product category within the target market place. For instance in India people feel that ancient herbal methods are good choices over the cosmetic options available today. This led various cosmetics company in India to launch their promotional programs comparing their product with traditional methods or showing the products equivalent to the traditional benefits. In these leading brands like Lux, Fair & Lovely and many others are present. Success of a fair and lovely brand due to the fact that Indians believe fairness is beautiful. Vicco turmeric cream is another example which positioned itself as a cream that would be useful for would-be brides to enhance their complexions, as applying turmeric for skin care is a part of the Indian tradition. These types of behaviour which are associated with a specific culture or belief can also be associated with different product categories such as, for instance, the bindi worn in most parts of India. It is important that the brand name selected for such a product category should have an ethnic-sounding name whereas a Western name is prone to be counter-productive. (S Ramesh Kumar, 2003) Another product category is food where the role of mother and grand mother is considered important. This is the reason all spices, traditional quick meals and cooking oil etc contain some or more of the mother’s recipe kind of concept. Not only that change in the societal socio-cultural structure can also be seen as some of the advertisement in India show modern man helping their women in their work as well like washing clothes or taking care of child. There is a strong need to understand and consider the culture which constitutes of the values, beliefs and habits of consumers which show a discrepancy across the nations. The other aspect of the changing cultural environment and upcoming trends are also important to understand.

My Autobiography Essay

I was born on a warm, sunny day in March 31, 1999 at Brgy. Sagpatan, Dingras, Ilocos Norte. I still live in Brgy. Sagpatan, Dingras, Ilocos Norte, and I go to school at Lt. Edgar Foz Memorial National High School/Dingras National High School (San Marcos Campus) as a graduating student. I live with my father, Francisco J. Serrano which is working at Hyosung Corporation as a Foreman; my mother, Eduardina G. Serrano, a former OFW at Hong Kong; my 2 brothers, Francis Dan G. Serrano which is studying at Marcos Agro-Industrial School with his course Automotive Servicing NCII and Frederick G. Serrano my younger brother which is studying at Sagpatan Elementary School as a Grade V pupil; my sister Franz Diane, the youngest of us, which is studying at Sagpatan Elementary School as a Grade III pupil; and grandmother Alejandra Serrano. I graduated primary level at Sagpatan Elementary School as a salutatorian and now I am in secondary level and I want to graduate with honor. If I graduate seconda ry I want to continue my study at Mariano Marcos State University (College of Education) with the course BS in Secondary Education Major in Trigonometry and Minor in Geometry.

Building Engineering Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Building Engineering Services - Essay Example The nut is usually rotatably driven to achieve vertical movement. The details of different transportations systems are explained further. Elevators are mostly used to transport people, called passenger elevators. They can also be used to transport materials in which case they are called freight elevators. Whether the elevator is for people or for material, there are basically two types of systems. One is overhead suspended elevator and another is hydraulic elevator. Suspended elevator uses steel cables and electric motors. These usually travel fast and are therefore used for tall buildings. Hydraulic elevator is operated by a hydraulic piston which is situated in a chamber below the elevator cab. The piston moves in a rotatory motion about its pivot which in turn makes the cab traverse vertically. Elevator cabs move along vertical guide rails. For suspended elevators, an electric motor runs which lowers and raises the cab with the help of wired ropes. These ropes are designed to suit the capacity of the cab. It also has a flexible electric cable connected to it in order to provide lightning and also to facilitate button and door signals to be transmitted. The construction of both kinds of elevators requires considerable effort below the point of lowest entry to cab. If the elevator serves the lowest building level, then it requires considerable depth of excavation and construction below the basement of the building. Also, for every cab, corridors need to be planned in the building accordingly. For material carrying elevators, the corridors should be relatively big depending upon the usage. The elevator shaft must be vertically aligned to maintain constant pressure in all floors. The size and dimensions vary depending upon size of the cab and number of elevators. For small or single cab, the area may be only of the cab but for larger cabs and for multiple elevators, the lower floors need to have a larger base. The plan for operating single or multiple elevator cabs can be seen in the figure below: Escalators are moving stairs which serve the same purpose as an elevator. However, escalators provide a more uninterrupted service compared to elevator due to the waiting time for elevators. Escalator works on the principle of conveyer belts. The difference is that a pair of rotating chain loops pulls a series of stairs in a cycle instead of a flat surface. The most important part is to make sure the steps are always in level which the escalator moves. However, at the top and bottom, the steps become in one level making it easier to get on and off. Escalator also has hand rails which move along with the escalator. The hand rail is controlled by an electric motor which runs a rubber belt around a series of wheels. It is configured in a way that the hand rail moves with the same speed as the elevator. When not operating, escalators serve as stationery stairs; therefore their slopes are subject to same limits that exist for stairs. Thus the plan space required for an escalator begins with that required to achieve a stair for total height.

Discussion 2 Week 7 Award Fee Contracts Assignment

Discussion 2 Week 7 Award Fee Contracts - Assignment Example 2. Discuss whether contractors provide better work with an award fee. Include in your discussion on whether or not they are incentivized by the better profit potential of an award-fee contract. Support your position with an example. One strongly believes that contractors provide better work with an award fee. As defined, an award fee â€Å"is an amount of money that a contractor may earn in whole or in part by meeting or exceeding subjective criteria stated in an award fee plan† (US Government Accountability Office, 2009, p. 1). It is a form of motivation or incentive that contractors could avail for exceeding expectations or exhibiting exemplary performance. For instance, a contractor is supposed to complete a painting of a government building in two weeks’ time using total costs of materials amounting to $50,000. If the contactor is able to complete the project in one week’s time and with savings amounting to $5,000, then, the contractor could be given an award fee. The provision would enable the contractor to gain a positive image, in addition to the award fee and would be considered a plus factor for future contracting projects. US Government Accountability Office. (2009, August 3). 1. From the e-Activity, discuss whether or not the agencies mentioned took any actions that reflected the suggestions provided by the Office of Management and Budget. If you think actions were taken, state what actions were taken and explain why those act. Retrieved from gao.gov:

The Importance of the 1967 War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of the 1967 War - Essay Example Nasser had ways of knowing what really was going on in the armed forces and knew that they were inferior in quality Nasser was very fanatic towards USA as compared to Reynolds below is the example he quoted after 1967 defeat "If I started considering how strong America is and how strong I am, even before I started my calculations I should come to the conclusion that America has air, land, and sea superiority over us." Nasser did not lose his hope after the defeat from the Israelis in 1967. He was known to how to manipulate the emotions of the people in this regards he spoke to the public in his speech below: "Our enemies have succeeded in winning a military victory, but our country has not fallen, has not accepted defeat, but has decided to stand fast. They have applied economic pressure to us and, despite this pressure, we have not surrendered but have marched on. We have imposed restrictions on ourselves and have accepted these restrictions. Our enemies have failed to destroy us economically. Hence, there remains one thing for them to do-to strike at the domestic front and to break up the alliance of the people's working forces because if the domestic front collapses the hostile , imperialist forces and Israel will achieve the aims they have so far been unable to achieve .... Brothers, there is no alternative to victory for our nation. The nation is capable of achieving victory provided it mobilises its forces and benefits properly from its energy and conditions, and also if we can build up and safeguard our domestic front according to the needs of the battle mestic front is the pillar of the fighting front. We must expose, defeat and crush all enemy attempts to influence the domestic front." Reynolds believes that in june 1967 constituted... "Our enemies have succeeded in winning a military victory, but our country has not fallen, has not accepted defeat, but has decided to stand fast. They have applied economic pressure to us and, despite this pressure, we have not surrendered but have marched on. We have imposed restrictions on ourselves and have accepted these restrictions. Our enemies have failed to destroy us economically. Hence, there remains one thing for them to do-to strike at the domestic front and to break up the alliance of the people's working forces because if the domestic front collapses the hostile , imperialist forces and Israel will achieve the aims they have so far been properly from its energy and conditions, and also if we can build up and safeguard our domestic front according to the needs of the battle mestic front is the pillar of the fighting front. We must expose, defeat and crush all enemy attempts to influence the domestic front." Reynolds believes that in june 1967 constituted a crisis of faith for many "muslims

The U.S. financial system and its many complexities which are impacted Research Paper

The U.S. financial system and its many complexities which are impacted by several environmental factors, including federal regul - Research Paper Example The Federal Reserve situates the monetary policy of the nation in order to encourage the stable prices, objectives of highest employment, and reasonable interest rate for long-term basis. The biggest challenge for all the policy makers, is that pressure among the set goals might take place in short run as well as the information with respect to economy is accessible only with a delay and chances are that it might be inadequate. Financial markets assist in effectively directing the flow of investments and savings within the economy which facilitates the growth of capital along with production of products and services in different ways. The ideal blend of strong institutions and financial markets as well as different range of financial instruments and products, perfectly fits with the lenders and borrowers’ need and hence the entire economy. Financial Markets and Institutions A financial market includes bonds or trade stocks, an instrument includes derivatives and bank CDs and i nstitutions includes banks, insurance companies and funds. They all offer opportunities to investors so that they can specialize in diversify risks, specific market and/or services, or both and can exchange financial assets (Fabozzi, 2002). How Economy is affected by Monetary Policy? The preliminary connection in the chain among the economy and monetary policy is market for stability which takes place at Federal Reserve Banks. At reserve banks, depository institutions have their accounts, and they vigorously trade the balances which are kept in the accounts with an interest rate termed as federal funds rate. Federal Reserve has control on federal funds rate with an influence on demand and supply at Reserve Banks. Any change in expectation or in the rate of federal funds can affect other short and long term rate of interest, stock price and the value of dollar with respect to foreign exchange. This in turn affects spending decision of business and households which ultimately distress growth in the economy and aggregate demand. In Federal Reserve Act, the targets of monetary policy are shared which states that the Committee of Federal Open Market and the Board of Governors must look forward to encourage effectively the targets of highest employment rate along with stable prices and interest rates. When the prices are constant or stable and are expected to remain the same, inflation has no effect on the process of services, goods, labor and materials and thus helps in contributing in higher living standard. This also helps in capital formation by helping in saving because when threat of attrition of asset values minimized, business got the opportunity to invest more whereas households are encouraged for more saving. Influence of Interest Rate on U.S. and Global Financial Environment Interest rates are always been proposed as policy guide, not only they serve the role of spending decisions also because interest rates information is accessible on the basis of real- time. The proper level of rate of interest will differ with fiscal policy stance, changes in spending pattern of business and household, global economic development and productivity growth. Modifications in interest rate on long-term basis will affect on stock prices, which will create a remarkable effect on the wealth of household. Investors keep in line both their investment returns on

How does a transnational approach modify New Zealand's cultural Essay

How does a transnational approach modify New Zealand's cultural history is it useful Refer to at least 3 course thems - Essay Example The Waitangi treaty recognised the British Sovereignty in NZ and also offered protection to the interests of Maori’s in their traditional lands.The preamble of this treaty in Maori spotlights the creation of a government that would safeguard the interest of tribal community rangatiratanga. As per Brooking and Rebel (1995), NZs immigration policies customarily gave preference to European settlers especially from UK , Protestant Anglo-Celtic origins. NZ due to foreigner settlements , developed a new culture that materialized over centuries of relative separation, leaving from pacific cultures and adopting into the social cultures of hapu, whanau and iwi. This research essay will discuss about the culture , media , the urban society , the missionary and literary that prevailed in New Zealand in 1950 and will analyse how transnational culture has impacted the NZs culture . Culture Cross breed between Maori and Europeans were known as Pakeha. The signing of Treaty of Waitangi can b e regarded as the founding stone of modern citizenship. The NZ was transformed into a major agricultural producer for UK due to the ingress of Pacific citizens in the late 1950s. Later , settlers from Asia also ingressed into NZ1. Maori pre-European culture was oral and footed upon small independent sub-tribes residing in harbours ,valleys , ridges and sculpted hills. Armed conflict stories are much available in the Maori tribal history.Both polygamy and cannibalism were the common features of Maori culture. Tools were made from stones which was known as pounamu and tuhua. For weaving and other purposes , flax was employed. Initial trade in these products was in the barter system. Natural resources like sea, forest and waterways were regarded as sacred and exploitation of these natural resources were under strict supervision namely tapu (holiness),and manna carried over by tohunga.(priests)2. Edward Ned Kelly was the leader of the Kelly Gang.Nel Kelly story was very popular in New Z ealand through the ballads , folklore which praised the bush proscribers as the compelling character of freedom fighters and confrontation to the British authorities in NZ. In the 19th century , bushrangers were regarded as outlaws who frightened the bush country in NZ and Australia. The kelly gang was considered to the last generation of bushrangers in NZ3. â€Å"Cinemas, TVs & Radios† As per Department of Statistics (1975), there were about 600 cinema houses and 36.4 million cinema visitors in NZ in 1950.In 1950s, cinema admission rates were 2 shillings and 10 pence whereas today it is around 9.06 dollars4. Government owned TV New Zealand channels namely TV One and TV2 is free –to-air channels whereas Australian –owned TV 3 and its music channel is in operation in NZ. Some appealing foreign films and documentaries along with Maori subtitle and locally produced programs in Maori are being telecasted through Maori TV channel in NZ. In 1950, Kiwis paid an annual licence fee of more than ? 1 to the post office as the fee for such service as radio was under the state control then. Radio Sport is very active in sports news and commentaries. Radio New Zealand broadcasts current news and cultural programms and is available all through NZ. Local gigs are being broadcasted by the bNet, the student managed radio station,and new alternative music is being broadcasted by the Auckland’s 95Bfm. Tribal radio station namely Waikato’s Radio Tainui which has the country-wide network in NZ. Further , there are other players

Oil and Nigeria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oil and Nigeria - Research Paper Example This found it into formalizing its trade by joining organizations formed by the colleagues in the oil exporting field in 1977. This also led to the introduction and gazzetting of Nigerian petroleum Production Company in the same year which was owned and managed by the Nigerian government. The shell oil company commenced with the oil production I Aloibiri immediately after discovery leading to attainment of production levels of about 2 million barrels in a day of crude oil. The economic recession that was experienced world wide in the 80’s saw Nigeria income from oil to decline sharply but later on came to regain in the early 2000’s after the economic recovery up to 2.5 million barrels. Nigerian governments have been having developmental programmes among them being raising the oil production to about 4 million barrels in a day. As a result of this trade dominating as a Nigerian only source of accounting to 90% of the gross earnings implying that the other economic factor s that were initially regarded as the countries chief economic activities like farming were no longer paid attention for. Corruption in Nigeria oil There has been a series of corruption activities in the oil industry since the time Nigerians realized the monitorial strength the country has been having. This was brought about mostly by the greed developed by the major stake holders to mass wealth by altering of information and hiding of others (Kurtz 123). Nigeria having being ranked as the eighth largest producing company and its level of corruption especially when it comes to oppressing the public and hence led to a loud outcry through out the country. This led to the current president to take the initiative to provide strategies for ending corruption on oil as a tool to win voted in the upcoming elections. Nigerians oil content has an exemplary content of having a large gasoline content which made it to be a hot cake product especially by the American countries. This therefore att racted many foreign investors into this lucrative business whereby a lot of interests had to exchange hands for them to survive in the industry. Ironically, despite the quantities of money made daily in this field, Nigeria is one of the top countries in Africa to record extremely poor people in the rural areas having more than 100 million of its population surviving on less than 1$ in a day (Koehn 121). It has been an embarrassing figure from the UN statistics when the percentage of the population living in abject poverty in such a nation exceeding 60 %. The major reason was known to be corruption which led to the amassing of wealth by the few greedy and also creating loop holes for the looting of the nation’s natural resources at the expense of the poor citizens. A research by Reuters has shown that despite promises by the government to eliminate corruption and sealing all the loop holes there has been disappearance of resources worth billions of dollars due the corrupt deal s from both the Nigerian leaders and dubious foreign investors. This led to the population going to the streets early this year and protests the countries over involvement in corruption deals. The major cry was the concerned of a prolonged increase in prices of oil in a producing country as a result of the subsidized graft disappearing into the pockets of few greedy leaders .This

Any piece of Art work that is done by georgia o'keeffe Essay

Any piece of Art work that is done by georgia o'keeffe - Essay Example 2. Formal Qualities The Cliff Chimneys, a 36 ? 30 inches painting 3. Subject She was highly motivated and inspired by the stark, but extensively colored yellow and red hills and cliffs occupying the Ghost Ranch area. Additionally, she liked the jagged cliff formations that occupied the land near the Abiquiu village, and this prompted her to purchase a house in Ghost Ranch (â€Å"O’Keeffe's O'Keeffes: The Artist's Collection†). The Abiquiu village being surrounded by the Navajo hills and cedar trees, Georgia enjoyed walking around Ghost Ranch. The experience of the hills, cliffs and environment in general that she encountered in Ghost ranch that motivated her to paint The Cliff Chimneys. B. Price (Inc. why?) The Cliff Chimneys painting is currently being sold at $ 279 by Reproduction Gallery. However, the rice is bound to increase if the customers wish to enlarge it and make a bigger size of the original painting. The increase in price is accountable since producing a bi gger size of the original painting requires additional oil and canvas as well as frame (â€Å"O’Keeffe's O'Keeffes: The Artist's Collection†) C. Placement (Where is it?) The Cliff Chimneys is currently being displayed at Milwaukee Art Museum. This is after it was presented by Georgia O’Keeffe Foundation and Gift of Jane Bradley Pettit Foundation. D. Cultural context O’Keeffe was inspired by the events and discoveries that she encountered in the South and West regions of the Taos regions to make the painting. She was highly motivated and inspired by the stark, but extensively colored yellow and red hills and cliffs occupying the Ghost Ranch area. Additionally, she liked the jagged cliff formations that occupied the land near the Abiquiu village, and this prompted her to purchase a house in Ghost Ranch (â€Å"O’Keeffe's O'Keeffes: The Artist's Collection†). The Abiquiu village being surrounded by the Navajo hills and cedar trees, Georgia enjoy ed walking around Ghost Ranch. The experience of the hills, cliffs and environment in general that she encountered in Ghost ranch that motivated her to paint The Cliff Chimneys I. The Artist (Name) Georgia Totto O’Keeffe A. Background Georgia Totto O’Keeffe was born on 15th November, 1887, in a ranch house near Sun Prairie, Winconsin. Her father, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe was of Irish descent while her mother Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe was of Hungarian descent. It is from her maternal grandfather, George Totto that Georgia O’Keeffe got her name. She was the second born in her family of seven children, as well as the first daughter. B. Education and Influences She started her schooling in Town Hall School, Sun Prairie. It is during her early days in school that Georgia O’Keeffe began to gain interests in art (â€Å"O’Keeffe's O'Keeffes: The Artist's Collection†). This is attributed to the fact that by age ten she had already made up her mind of bec oming an artist; thus, together with her younger sister they started receiving art instructions from Sara Mann, a local water-colorist. O’Keeffe attended Sacred Heart Academy, Madison High School, and later Catham Episcopal Institute for her high school education. She later pursued artistic training at the School of Art Institute based in Chicago and the Art Students League based in New York. It is while studying at Arts Students League that she won a scholarship to attend an outdoor summer school located in Lake George. C. Intention Georgia’

Indigenous Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Indigenous Cultures - Research Paper Example That is why they are settled around Ometepec, Tlacoachistlahuaca, San Pedro and Xochistlahuaca (Wauchope 418). They are located around the slopes of the mountains that surround the municipalities on fertile land. The people are settled on over 2, 500km region near the coast parts of the borders and they total to over 45,000 people. At the same time, the indigenous group has a well-defined culture that constitute of nuclear and extended families, catholic religion and practice agriculture. In most cases, the male partners are patriarchal and control all systems of leadership in the society. It is a culture for the people of Amuzgo to respect gender roles in their communities. The boys take full responsibility of accompanying their fathers into the farms to gain agricultural knowledge. Given that agriculture is the basic resource of livelihood in the Southwest borders, the Amuzgo boys must gain basic knowledge. Also, 90 percent of the people practice catholic religion with the remaining 10 percent being Protestants (Vinding, 91). The Amuzgo people also have various tongues in their language based on the dialect and community of livelihood. This is based on the variation in the tongues used in naming various mythical origins. According text testing that were done in 1900s, the variation in language of the distinctive communities that reside around Southwest part of Mexico as Amuzgo people are the same. That is why it is most common in Guerrero and Oaxaca. In conclusion, it is evident that Amuzgo Indigenous people are diverse in their culture, language and character traits. This is based on the fact that they have different tongues but are able to intermingle in their agricultural activities. Also, they are located in different municipalities around Guerrero and Oaxaca borders but work towards a common goal of conserving their culture and

Exam review Essay Example for Free

Exam review Essay List three examples of operating system software. Linux, OS X, and Microsoft Windows List three examples of application software. Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, and Visual Studio Programs that make a computer useful for everyday tasks are known as application software What is used to translate high level language programs to machine language (or machine code)? Compiler What both translates and executes the instructions in a high level language program? What was the first programming language designed to perform complex math functions? Interpreter. Fortran Rules that are strictly enforced during compilation are called what? Syntax Rules What are violations of strictly enforced rules during compilation called? Syntax Errors Which will not prevent compilation, syntax or logical errors? Logic Errors Instead of binary numbers, assembly language uses short words for instructions known as what? Mnemonics Name a high level language you use in the course. Visual Basic The words that make up a high level programming language are known as what? Keywords Which runs faster a compiled or an interpreted program? Compiled Which language utilizes binary numbers like 01110000? Machine Language How many steps are in the Program Development Cycle and what are they? 1 Design the Program2 Write the Code3 Correct Syntax Errors4 Test the Executable Code 5 Debug the Code What is an informal language that has no syntax rules and is not meant to be compiled or executed? Pseudo Code What is a diagram that graphically depicts the steps that take place in a program? Flowchart What is a set of statements that execute in the order that they appear? Sequence Structure What is a logical design that controls the order in which a set of statements execute? Control Structure What graphically displays boxes that represent each module in a program? Hierarchy Chart Which flowchart symbol represents a terminal point like Start or Stop? Oval Which flowchart symbol represents processing and is used with the keywords Set and Declare? Rectangle Which flowchart symbol represents decisions and is used with the keywords If/Then? Diamond Which flowchart symbol represents input and output and is used with the keywords Input and Display? Parallelogram Which flowchart symbol represents calling modules and is used with the keyword Call? Rectangle with 2 Vertical Lines In programming, a storage location in memory is called what? Variable A variable that is declared inside a module is called what? Local Variable What is the term that describes the part of the program that a variable can be accessed? Scope A variable that can be seen throughout the program is called what? Global Variable True or false: A variable can begin with a number. False True or false: A variable can contain spaces. False True or false: A variable can have a number as the last character of the variable name? True True or false: A variable can contain an underscore. True True or false: A constant can be changed during execution of a program. False True of false: A variable can be changed during execution of a program. True What are the four main data types discussed in class so far? 1. Integer2. Real3. String4. Boolean What is used to check the relationship between two values? Relational Operator Which relational operator is used to denote greater than or equal to? = Which relational operator is used to denote not equal to? != Which relational operator is used to denote less than? What is the difference between using the relational operator = and the relational operator ==? = is used for assignment and == is used for comparison What is the symbol used to indicate raised to the x power in pseudo code? ^ What is the truth table for AND? True AND True = True True AND False = False False AND False = False False AND True = False What is the truth table for OR? True OR True = True True OR False = True False OR False = False False OR True = True What does NOT False evaluate to? True Indicate three benefits of modules? Faster Development, Simpler Code, Code reuse What is a variable passed to a module called? Argument Define the abbreviation ASCII. American Standard Code for Information Interchange Relational Operators Great Then Less Then = Greater Then or Equal 7 is false 5 7 Is True (5 7) or (10 3) is True (5 7) and (10 3) is False NOT (5 7 ) and (10 3 )is true because the NOT reverses All programming languages that allow you to create expressions that can be evaluated as either true or false are called ? Boolean expressions. Boolean expressions uses relational operators

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Introduction The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded in 1967 by Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration in Bangkok. ASEANs objectives were to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region. To promote regional peace and stability, active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields. ASEAN was subsequently expanded over the years to include Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia making up the ten member states of ASEAN today. Despite the expansion, the objectives and working principles of ASEAN have remained unchanged throughout the years. The ASEAN way of informal networking had been effective in creating a cohesive, peaceful and economically successful ASEAN bloc. This essay will address the question of ASEANs relevance to stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia in three parts. First, the essay will attempt to examine the power-balancing role of US in Southeast Asia. Secondly, the essay will analyze the conditions under which ASEAN was created to illustrate how ASEANs objectives are aligned with stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. Lastly, this essay will explore in more depth how ASEAN remains essential to the stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. The essay shall then conclude why the interpretation of MM Lees words is not accurate in current context and why ASEAN is not merely a supplement to the power-balancing role played by the US. Power-Balancing Role of US in Southeast Asia The strategic presence of US in Southeast Asia has not prevented USs allies and partners in the region from low-intensity conflicts and non-traditional threats. For example, there is still a high incident rate of piracy activities in the Malacca straits, Singapore straits and South China Sea. The strategic presence of the US has also not provided any security to the states in Southeast Asia from the attack by terrorist groups. Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia had all fallen victim to terrorist bombing, not once, but on several occasions. The attacks might even be triggered by the close ties between US and the states in Southeast Asia. The terrorist would have view the states as being pro-US thus became a target for the terrorist groups. The third Indochina War was officially brought to a close with the October 1991 agreements at the Paris Conference (PICC). With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the regional role of the US is no longer being shaped by the American Cold War imperatives in Southeast Asia. Impetuses for the Founding of ASEAN Most Southeast Asian states, less Thailand, attained political independence after centuries of foreign domination and colonization after the end of World War II. As such, nation building was the primary focus of ASEAN during its early years of formation. Furthermore, forming a regional organisation could fill the power vacuum left by the major powers, which used the region for proxy wars and major power rivalry. ASEAN provided a platform for the newly independent states to concentrate in their nation building and economic development. ASEAN was thus formed to create a peaceful and stable environment for nation building and growth among the Southeast Asian states. Despite the wish for peace and stability, the world in the 1960s era was embroiled in the war against communism. Communist threat to existing governments at that time was severe. The region was overwhelmed with communist insurgencies and there were imminent danger of communism spreading across Southeast Asia. Economic growth, a means to prevent the spread of communism was thus another important objective for the formation of ASEAN. Although Southeast Asia faced a common enemy, suspicions and distrust caused by Konfrontasi, the Malaysia-Indonesia Confrontation was prevalent among the member states. With the change in political leadership in Indonesia in 1966 with Suhartos replacement of Sukarno as Indonesias President, this spells the end of Sukarno regime and the end of Konfrontasi. It was also the beginning of Suhartos New Order regime and Good Neighbour policy. In order to achieve peace and stability in the region, it was important to first restore confidence and reassure Southeast Asia of Indonesias peaceful intentions. As a result, ASEAN was formed under the principle of non-interference in each others domestic affairs to create a tolerant environment for members to engage without suspicion and doubts. Given the above conditions, ASEAN was formed with the objectives to promote regional peace and stability, co-operation, economic development, and generating social and cultural progress. Defence arrangement such as SEATO was deliberately avoided to prevent being seen as overly pro-Western and provoking to Vietnam. ASEANs Achievements It has been four decades since ASEAN was founded. The achievements of ASEAN cannot be downplayed, for the fact that ASEAN is the one and only permanent regional association in Asia. Stability of Southeast Asia ASEAN had provided the framework for regional stability. The ASEAN Way of doing things had proven its strength based on how far ASEAN have came since its founding. The specific features of ASEAN Way are: informal process of interaction, informality, quiet diplomacy, dialogue and consultation, self-restraint, flexible consensus, lowest common denominator emphasis, conflict avoidance. They also respect each others National sovereignty, territorial integrity, non-use of force etc. standard Intl Relations principles. Their mode of operations is process-orientated and network-based model of co-operation that avoids bureaucratic arrangements. The Treaty of Amity and Co-operation in Southeast Asia (TAC) was signed by the member states of ASEAN in Feb 1976. The purpose of this Treaty is to promote perpetual peace, everlasting amity and co-operation among their peoples which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationship. This treaty has seen a growing number of countries outside Southeast Asia accepting it. In 2004, four more countries acceded to the treaty, namely, Japan, Pakistan, Republic of Korea and Russia. The ASEAN Social and Cultural Community (ASCC) was form to achieve a socially cohesive and caring ASEAN. It is intended to foster co-operation in addressing a grab bag of social and cultural problems associated with rural poverty, population growth, unemployment, human resources development, education, environment, and health. An example of the level of co-operation the member states have can be seen in the incident of SARs outbreak in Asia. ASEAN has been proactive in seeking to contain infectious diseases, which know no border. During the outbreak, a special ASEAN Leaders Meeting in Bangkok was called in Apr 2003; the ASEAN heads of government mandated a comprehensive regional response to the threat posed by the disease, the spread of which was wreaking havoc on their economies. Although the actual job of fighting the spread of the disease fell to the public health officials of the states, the coordination of measures was carried out at the health minister level of the ASEAN +3. Another example is the Singapore-Malaysia dispute over Pedra Branca islands. Both countries laid claim to the Pedra Branca islands although Singapore had been the custodian of the Horsburg Lighthouse situated on the island throughout the last century. The dispute could not be resolved within ASEAN; however, both Singapore and Malaysia had agreed to bring it to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2007. This dispute came to an end with the ICJ ruling sovereignty of Pedra Branca to Singapore and that of Middle Rocks to Malaysia. ASEAN also manage to resolve the Cambodian crisis during the 1980s thru the ASEAN-Post Ministerial Conference (ASEAN-PMC) which assumed its current form when the US, Canada and Japan joined in 1978. Security of Southeast Asia TheZone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN)declaration was signed in 1971 by the Foreign Ministers of theASEANmember states (Indonesia,Malaysia, thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand). In the declaration, the parties publicly stated their intent to keepSouth East Asiafree from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers and broaden the areas of co-operation. The ASEAN Regional Forum was formed in 1994 with the objective of promoting peace and security through dialogue and co-operation in the Asia Pacific. It is important that ARF continue to play its role in the political and security dialogue as well as confidence building. TheSoutheast AsianNuclear-Weapon-Free ZoneTreaty(SEANWFZ) of 1995, orBangkok Treaty, is anuclear weapons moratorium treaty between 10 Asian member-states under the auspices of theASEAN. It entered into force on March 28, 1997 and obliges its members not to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control over nuclear weapon. This is crucial to both confidence building in Southeast Asia and to worldwide nuclear disarmament. Vietnam has joined ASEAN in 1995 and the ARF, and the long overdue normalization of relations between the US and Vietnam has finally happened, under the influence of ASEAN. The Vientiane Action Programme (VAP) adopted at the 10th ASEAN Summit contained several measures to guide ASEANs effort in countering terrorism from 2005 2010. These measures form the preparatory steps to the establishment of an ASEAN Extradition Treaty as envisaged by the ASEAN Security Community (ASC) Plan of Action. Prosperity of Southeast Asia One of the main objectives of ASEAN is to improve economic development. ASEAN has since negotiated for Free-Trade Agreements (FTA) with various dialogue partners of ASEAN. The FTAs were established with Australia New Zealand, China, India, Japan and Republic of Korea. Since 2000, European Commission and ASEAN are already discussing trade and investment issues at Ministerial (EC-ASEAN Economic Ministers) and official (Senior Economic Official Meeting) levels. The key challenge is to promote region-to-region economic relations, particularly by addressing non-tariff barriers through regulatory co-operation using the framework of TREATI (the Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative), and ultimately to lay the foundations for a preferential regional trade agreement in the future. The Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative (TREATI) is a framework for dialogue and regulatory co-operation developed to enhance EU trade relations with ASEAN. Study for an EU- ASEAN FTA was then initialed in 2005 and making good progress. In 2006, EU-ASEAN trade represented 5% of total world trade. The EU is ASEANs 2nd largest trading partner, accounting for 11.7% of ASEAN trade (2006). Significantly, 13% of ASEAN exports are destined for the EU, which makes it ASEANs 2nd largest export market after the US. ASEAN as an entity represents the EUs 5th largest major trading partner, accounting to 127 billion EUR, just ahead of Norway and equivalent to Japan. ASEANs trade with the EU has been growing steadily over the past five years, with an average annual growth rate of 4%. On average, EU companies have invested 5.1 billion EUR a year for the period 2003 to 2005. EU is thus by far the largest investor in ASEAN countries: 27% of total FDI inflows from 2001 to 2005 come from the EU, compared to 15% for the US. Conclusion ASEAN was formed during the era of inter-state distrust and the uprising of communism. ASEAN was thus established with the objectives of promoting regional peace, stability and economic progress to facilitate nation building among member states. The working principles, the ASEAN Way of non-interference, informal understanding and consensus building based on lowest common denominator have been effectual in attaining the objectives of ASEAN. The introduction of new member states including Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia, had fulfill the dream of including all the countries in Southeast Asia into ASEAN. It can be seen that the strategic presence of US in the region can no longer guarantee the security of the states in Southeast Asia, especially in the current era of non-conventional threats piracy and terrorism. As such, the interpretation of Mr Lees words is not accurate in todays context. Over the last four decades, ASEAN have certainly achieved plentiful in all areas of stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. The ASEAN Way has been successful in promoting regional co-operation and economic development. The nations of Southeast Asia were able to leave their historic rivalries behind them in the name of ASEAN unity. They have also taken the lead to create the ASEAN Regional Forum to engage all their Asia-Pacific neighbours for the first time, to discuss in a structured dialogue on wide-ranging Asian security issues. The Prime Minister of the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Mr Bounnhang Vorachith, 29 Nov 2004, said, The role of ASEAN has been increasingly recognised in ensuring peace and security in the Asia-Pacific region, through the ARF, with ASEAN as the primary driving force. In conclusion, ASEAN have proven its commitment and achievements through all the ministerial meetings, Communities and forums that it is still relevance to the stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. The fact that EU and the Asia-Pacific states are willing to co-operate with ASEAN; is a testimonial and recognition of ASEANs achievements. It is not merely an adjunct or supplement to the power-balancing role played by the United States. The role of ASEAN is indeed central to the regions well being.

Facades And Building Envelopes Engineering Essay

Facades And Building Envelopes Engineering Essay Facades and building envelopes, which are the external skin of a building, project the image and creative intent. They can also become important environmental moderators and key influencers in project risk and commercial success. A well designed faà §ade allows a new building to work more effectively for its owners, occupants and the environment. The faà §ade plays a crucial role in heat and light exchange as it is the interface between the exterior environment and interior space. Comfort, productivity, energy use and running costs can all be improved. http://www.arup.com/Services/Facade_engineering.aspx Double skin facades are often used in Europe to resist the cold climate however double-skin systems in Australia are relatively new. One example where the double faà §ade system is demonstrated in Australia is Sydneys 1 Bligh Street high rise. The faà §ade provides great solar control while maintaining clear views of the Sydney Harbour. 1 Bligh Street is a premium grade high-rise building offering 27 levels of office accommodation and features a double-skin, glass facade with a naturally ventilated full height atrium. Amenities include a cafe, childcare centre, shower facilities, bicycle racks and parking for 92 cars. The buildings 6 Star, Green Star rating achievement is the highest awarded in NSW and includes the maximum allowable five points for innovation in categories such as environmental design initiative and exceeding Green Star standards. The building was designed with a focus on maintaining views while providing sufficient daylight levels and solar control. Ray Brown, director of Architectus, stated that the geographic and climatic conditions at 1 Bligh Street were major influences on specification of the double skin faà §ade. BACKGROUND Owners Co-owned by DEXUS Property Group, DEXUS Wholesale Property Fund (DWPF) and Cbus Property. Architects Australian Architectus and Germanys Ingenhoven who came together in 2006 for a design competition. Builders Grocon : Australias largest privately owned development and construction company. Facade Contractor Arup. Facade Consultant Enstrust. Awards 1 Bligh has received a number of awards and has been highly commended for its sustainable design, development and architecture. Awarded Best Retail/Commercial Development Urban Development Institute of Australia NSW Highly commended Office Development Australia category, Asia Pacific Property Awards (May 2011) Highly commended Office Architecture Australia category, Asia Pacific Property Awards Voted Best Tall Building 2012 for Asia and Australis by the CTBUH (Council for tall Building and Urban and Urban Habitat, IL, USA) 2012 NSW Architecture Awards Urban Design Award Sir Arthur G. Stephenson Award for commercial architecture 2012 Milo Dunphy Award for sustainable architecture DESIGN Ingenhoven produced a design allowing workers and the public to see and feel the whole of the community of the building. 1 Bligh Streets elliptical geometry effectively resolves the sites urban condition at the meeting of two city grids. The ellipse is rotated on the site to encompass views to the harbour, thus resolving the urban condition and maximising the buildings commercial value (). The disadvantage is that it is more costly to construct an elliptical building than a square building. However, this is made worthwhile by a magnificent curved atrium at the buildings core providing a sanctuary to its inhabitants. A naturally ventilated glass atrium climbs the full height of the building, providing a circulation of fresh air and a sense of openness on all floors. The glass provides dynamic views through the building making the atrium an arrival point for every floor, enhancing communication, connection and community. The buildings scale is broken in the centre by a large outdoor terrace cut into the floor plate at the lift transfer level. This space has been reserved as its reception floor, making it one of the most spectacular and unique reception of any legal firm in the city. The terrace also cleverly conceals the air intake for the air handling plant above, which is covered in a glass skin making it fully visible within the building. At the top of the building, the inner glass layer peels away, creating a large outdoor timber terrace incorporating banksia trees. This creates the buildings fifth elevation which is observed by taller surrounding buildings. ENVIRONMENTAL THERMAL STRATEGIES Cost effective and sustainable buildings have been a key focus in building design for years. Double skin faà §ade systems are becoming increasingly common in high profile buildings and are being enthused as an exemplary green building strategy. The system consists generally of exterior skins which respond dynamically to varying ambient conditions, which can incorporate a range of shading, natural ventilation, and thermal insulation strategies. The overall purpose of the double skin differs from the conventional system used in European buildings where the intention is to trap the heat by incorporating an extra thermal layer of air. The thermal skin of 1 Bligh is designed to keep the building cool. It does this by stopping direct sunlight from hitting the internal glass. Between the inner and outer glass layers, motorised venetian blinds track the sun and automatically adjust to suit. The outer glass skin incorporates fixed horizontal ventilation slots at each level of the building to encourage upward airflow within the cavity which helps to expel unwelcome hot air. This flow is driven by natural wind since Sydney rarely experiences a completely still day. This result is that the internal skin will never be exposed to air temperatures that are vastly higher than the outside ambient air temperature. The outer glass layer also acts as a weather shield to protect the blinds from severe winds. The inner layer which is double gla zed for world class thermal efficiency acts as a barrier against heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter, thus complimenting the benefits derived from the venetian blinds. http://www.architectus.com.au/sites/default/files/06_0.jpg One of the major benefits of the double skin faà §ade is that operable external blinds can be introduced which normally cant be installed on a high-rise, thus producing a shading coefficient of 0.15 with the blinds down and uninterrupted views when up. Reduced heat and optimised light is obtained as a result, underpinning high performance sustainability and unprecedented environmental innovation. It can be foreseen that double-skin faà §ade systems require more cleaning than a single-skin glass faà §ade, however the outer skin which is the only surface exposed to the elements, will only require six-monthly cleaning with minimal cleaning required on other surfaces. The cavity between the skins is less vulnerable to environmental grime, and the gantry set up will significantly improve the speed and safety of the cleaning task. SUSTAINABILITY Overall, the key sustainability innovations which have been encompassed along with the double glass faà §ade include, natural ventilation to the atrium, 40% recycled concrete, 90% recycled steel, FSC certified timber, recycled timber, solar cooling, tri-generation, black water treatment, rainwater harvesting, sewer mining. 94% of the demolished buildings materials were recycled including steel and concrete (Horiso). An advanced hybrid of VAV and chilled beam air conditioning systems are run off a series of curved solar thermal collectors. The tri-generation system uses gas and solar energy to generate cooling, heating and electricity. The black water recycling method, which is the first to be used in an office tower, reduces the overall water consumption throughout the building with some of the recycled water being used for irrigation. Recycled rain water is also used for irrigation. http://www.architectus.com.au/sites/default/files/04_1.jpg The sustainability features of 1 Bligh Street result in the lowest operating costs of a premium grade building in Sydney, equating to estimated savings of approximately $2 million per annum (Horiso). CONSTRUCTION The inner skin was constructed of high-quality, double-glazed windows, while the outer skin was constructed of single-sheet laminated glass. A 600mm cavity between the two skins provides the required space to accommodate the automated venetian blind system, as well as walkway gantries at each level of the building for access by cleaners and maintenance personnel. 1780 blinds were used in total http://www.architectus.com.au/sites/default/files/05_0.jpg The construction process took ten years to complete. Where normally one subcontractor works the building perimeter, Grocon had three to coordinate the faà §ade contractor, the waterproofers and the blinds contractor. GLASS TYPE Office buildings typically incorporate some form of tinted or reflective glazing in order to minimise the amount of direct sunlight and heat entering the building. The trade-off is a darkened or pearlescent finish that can visually isolate the occupants of the building from the natural environment and create unwanted reflectivity, particularly at night, when the inner glass can resemble a mirror. The Bligh Street glass, supplied by G. James, has a 62% Visual Light Transmission (VLT), compared to normal office glazing specifications of approximately 25 40%. In other words, onlookers will be struck by the crystal clear views into the building; meantime, the occupants will experience true-to-life panoramic views of the harbour and the citys genuine colours. This is because the sun protection is very efficient, and therefore non-tinted glass could be used on the outer skin. This makes the building extremely transparent and offers the user a different experience.   CONCLUSION In conclusion, it can be seen that building strategies such as the double faà §ade system, can be adapted to suit a specific climate while maintaining sufficient sustainability and economic properties. Similarly, glass as a building material can be used in many applications not only for aesthetic purposes but also for a thermal and sustainable strategy. 1 Bligh Street may be the beginning of an effective double glass faà §ade system which will be implemented on high-rise buildings throughout Australia.

My Philosophy on Education - Hopes, Goals, and Dreams Essay examples --

My Philosophy on Education - Hopes, Goals, and Dreams When I was sixteen I started working with children from low socioeconomic backgrounds at a Family Resource Center. Everyday I saw how many of the children got overlooked at home and at school. This experience was critical in my decision to become a teacher because I know that I will always go the extra mile with each and every child. All children have lots of potential and need to be able to express it in some form whether it is with creative writing, making maps or building a model. All children deserve to be given the adequate time and attention they need to grow, learn, and achieve. Children should feel comfortable developing hopes, dreams, and goals and realize that they have the opportunity to achieve them. The pace and level of knowledge that a child learns is relative because every child learns differently. I think that children learn in many different forms including through the use of visual aids, verbal communication and written format. I think that most material should be broken down so it will be easier for the child to grasp. I agree with the theory of Socrates in that students should be questioned and questioned again so that they can rethink what they believe in. I think the purpose and importance of education is to develop children’s thinking capabilities, creativity, social skills and interactions to there fullest. Education is the key that will allo...

Judas :: essays research papers

Ever since you told me what your YL leader said, I have been studying it. Once I got into the word, I realized that I had dealt with this topic before, when our leader was â€Å"testing† our response to â€Å"questions of contradiction.† This is what I have concluded. First of all, notice that the text does not say that Judas died as a result of hanging. All it says is that he "went and hanged himself." Luke however, in Acts, tells us that "and falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his entrails gushed out." This is a pretty clear indication (along with the other details given in Acts - Peter's speech, the need to pick a new apostle, etc.) that at least after Judas' fall, he was dead. So the whole concept that Matthew and Luke both recount Judas' death is highly probable, but not clear cut. Notice verse 5..."Then he...went and hanged himself." Matthew does not state death as being a result. The Greek word used is APAGCHO. Matthew 27:5 is it's only occurrence in the New Testament. In the LXX (the Greek translation of the OT used at the time of Jesus), it's only used in 2 Samuel 17:23 : â€Å"Now when Ahithophel saw that his advice was not followed, he saddled a donkey, and arose and went home to his hou se, to his city. Then he put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died; and he was buried in his father's tomb.† Notice that not only is it stated that Ahithophel "hanged himself" [APAGCHO], but it explicitly adds, "and died". Here we have no doubt of the result. In Matthew, we are not explicitly told Judas died. Also, there is nothing in the Greek to suggest success or failure. It simply means 'hang oneself'". So, my line of reasoning to dispel the contradiction myth is that the "two" accounts of Judas' death is this...Matthew doesn't necessarily explain how Judas died; he does say Judas "hanged himself", but he didn't specifically say Judas died in the hanging incident. However, Acts seems to show us his graphic demise. Therefore, there is no contradiction between Matthew and Acts, more specifically the death of Judas. So what happened to Judas? Well my opinion is that only God knows, but this is what I personally believe (there are many other theories of how Judas died, but it is such an unimportant topic when placed to the gospel as a whole, but know that the Bible is ERROR-FREE and any conclusion must be biblically based).

Revenue Management and Pricing Essay

Springfield Nor’easters was a new Class A minor league baseball team, which would start the first season in June 2009. The marketing director, Larry Buckingham, had to design the price scheme for the new season. Springfield was the third largest city in Massachusetts with 55,338 residents and around 60% of the households were families with children below 18. However, Springfield offered few spectator opportunities for sports fans, the only way to attend a professional baseball game is to drive to other cities. Springfield Nor’easters, the first professional baseball team in the region, will compete in one of the 19 regional leagues under Minor League Baseball (MiLB). Each of the 30 teams in Major League Baseball (MLB) was affiliated with minor league teams and they funded players’ salaries as well as bat and ball expenses, while minor league teams were responsible for uniform expenses, league dues, office and travel expenses, etc. Nor’easters’ financial goal for the first year is break even and their income will come from tickets sales, concession sales and sponsors from local institutions and organizations. To design his tickets offers, Buckingham found that it’s important to both analyze the remaining data from a survey done in 2005 by League Sports Association and conduct a more detailed survey specific to the local market. Buckingham then figured out that his primary research objectives were to know how many people would come to the games and how much to charge them, and he made several observations while interviewing some counterparts of other minor league teams. First off, he needed to price seats on par with competition such as movies, bowling and other sporting events. Secondly, it’s important to have a well-designed mix of season tickets, group sales and individual tickets. Thirdly, he should consider promoting group sales with special promotions. Last but not least, concessions were critically important with at least a 39% profit margin. Buckingham kept three criteria in mind while designing the survey questions: maximum information yield for management decisions, question clarity for respondents, and ease of data analysis. He decided to conduct this survey by  mailing 10,000 postcards that would direct recipients to a website where they could complete a questionnaire and then get entered into a drawing. The online questionnaire was pretested three times and several questions were changed afterwards according to the feedback. The mailing list for the postcard was drawn from two sources. One half was taken from Springfield census tracts of households with income above the poverty level and the other was obtained from the mailing lists of four sports-related organizations in Springfield. Ultimately, 625 responses were tabulated. Luckily, Buckingham found that the sample respondent characteristics were fairly representative of the Springfield market. Buckingham knew that his real goal was to maximize not only ticket income but also concessions. He wanted to make sure the prices of different packages were set appropriately. Also, while calculating the concession sales, he was told to note that attendance would drop from around 100% (individual game) to 97% (5-game), 95% (20-game), 90% (38-game). With these things in mind, Buckingham started to analyze the survey data and calculated the optimal prices. We found that the actual pricing policy is much more complicated, there are a wide variety of seats, and more games (full season = 70 games). To have a more-close-to-situation price for comparison, we exclude the special and upscale tickets. Then average the rest’s ticket price (â€Å"Diamond Boxes†, â€Å"Field Boxes†, â€Å"Dugout Boxes†, and â€Å"General Admission†), and come up with a result of $9.25 per game. To sum up, our proposed price ($10/game) is slightly higher than the actual price, and the reasons are as followed. 　　First, in the actual stadium, there are some high-class club and seat that will compensate for other cheaper tickets. Second, there may be more advertisement, sponsorship, and special event revenue which haven’t been counted in the case. Third, the actual stadium may have more seats (ex. grass seating), so the ticket price can be lower ours. Lastly, however, global recession may be a cause, but we do not consider it to take a great part. Though the ticket price per NBA game actually increases through years, taking into account the improving but still sluggish economy in 2012 and the difference in popularity, it’s not likely that Springfield Cardinals is able to set price high.

Electronic Surveillance at the Workplace

electronic Surveillance has been expound of Ameri butt ends frame form since the invention of the teleph whiz. Employers utilize a variety of electronic surveillance devices and an different(prenominal) means of obtaining development. These devices atomic number 18 computer varaning, television system surveillance, investigators, spying, and eavesdropping/wiretapping as well as other(a) means. Most employers ingest a validated reason for using one or more surveillance devices to either supervise their employees for barter purposes much(prenominal) as for training, tone of vocalise assurance and guest service and others accustom it monitor customers and employee truth from theft and fraud.Early on in the electronic age ordinance was created to protect our civil liberties from macrocosm violate and pried upon by the national government, police, employers and the general exoteric this legislation was k forthwithn as the motorbus Crime Control and safe Streets proceeding and later amended to the Electronic parleys Privacy Act of (ECPA) 1986 which governs third- fellowship interceptions of electronic communications.The questions that employees assimilate in todays ladder place is if they decl atomic number 18 all(prenominal) medical prognosis of privacy, when and where my conversations wad be deemed closed-door, do employers shake the right to eavesdrop on conversations maculation I am in the piece of work and to what extent can they go. Today information about hundreds of thousands of things surround us, it hits us from any direction, the television in morning charge the daily news, radio personalities during your commute to work was well as conversations from people departure you by on the street or in the supermarket.While in the workplace were can an employee postulate to have privacy within that environment? Employees should expect a express mail amount of privacy based on their surroundings. The Supreme Court of Cal ifornia latterly held that In an dresser or other workplace to which the general public does non have unfettered access, employees may make out a limited, but legitimate, xpectation that their conversations and other interactions lead not be secretly videotaped by to a lower placecover television reporters, even though those conversations may not have been all private from the participants coworkers. 1 Therefore an employees should expect a degree of privacy enchantment in the workplace, conversations held outside of the ear-shot of others boundaries have been vex for a private conversation.Altman 1975 Derlega and Chaikin 1977, suggest that two interacting parties will attempt to set boundaries that accommodate their individual goals as well as their collective interest. 2 In an office setting in that location be typically two types of work plazas, and stretch out area, in which there are several desks and conversations can be overheard or there are enwrap offices, in whichwhen the door is closed conversations cannot be heard. State and Federal laws have assumption employers a wide latitude of retard over the workplace environment as it pertains privacy. Tile 18 of the U. S. Code which encompasses the Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) democracys that it shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person not acting under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication where such person is a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception unless such communication is intercepted for the purpose of committing any condemnable or tortuous act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the join States or of any State.In short, conversations in the workplace place must be of a worry record and one of the parties to the conversation must give consent to have that conversation recorded or monitored. Mark Renfro a Insurance counselor at GEI CO stated That conversations held in an open area at work would have little to no privacy rights beca utilization anyone can hear your conversation, but on the other hand if the situation were to be that the conversations were to be held out of ear-shot of others in a out-of-door location where it is him and someone else or piece of tail closed doors that conversations would be viewed as private. In the video clip, did the sales four-in-hand Herman have sufficient reason for utilizing electronic surveillance in order to go down if his sales people are honorable? As the manager Herman is ultimately liable for the daily operation of the business and require to know if his sales team operates with integrity when presenting information to the companys patrons. Salespeople that state miss information about products could potentially cause businesses money in on-line(prenominal) or future sale, lawsuits and future customer business.Thus, he does have sufficient grounds to use ele ctronic surveillance to monitor his sales teams conversations with customers because they croak during the normal course of business. So now to what extent can employers engage in monitoring its employees? Under Tile 18 of the U. S. Code, guidelines have been established as to what, when, and where electronic surveillance can be conducted. archetypal and foremost it must be a legitimate business purpose. There are typically 4 types of monitoring employers use telephone computer e-mail/voice mail and video monitoring.All forms of monitoring have stringent requirements employers need to follow squall monitoring is apply to monitor business on business phones with clients or customers for persona control reasons and in most states is requisite to inform that the conversation is recorded or monitored. An import note to this would be that calls that are deemed to be of a personal nature are not allowed to be monitored from any phone not specified as business phones. Computer monito ring is used mostly to monitor employee sites visited on the knowledge domain Wide Web to ensure amateurish or unethical site are being viewed within the workplace.In addition employers require to ensure the safety of its network from viruses and trojan horse horses that could infect its system and bring business to a halt. Electronic mail fall under the same guidelines as computer monitoring. E-mail systems uses company computers and have the restrictions. Lastly, video monitoring is used a check to theft and security of the business and its employees. Currently, federal law does not require divine revelation to employees. Video monitoring is unlawful to be used in bath populate, lock rooms and dressing rooms or any public rooms were a commonsensical person would consider a private.Determining whether the inclusion body of innocence of unmindful(predicate) third parties has when being monitored and any legal grounds. Unfortunately, Title 18 only requires the consent from on e party to be lawful and therefore an unaware third party could not be innocent. Although Cathy Goodwin states consumer privacy is violated when information is gather or used without consumer consent or when a consumers private space is violated by unwanted consumer communications

Korean Wave

The Influences of Korean flourish on Vietnamese Y show uph During the root deuce decades of the 21st century, the Korean curl up has spread to umteen a nonher(prenominal) countries around the world, including Vietnam. The Korean wind had a profound run on the psychology and interests of the Vietnamese vote downulation, particularly the younker. Therefore, the study titled The Influences of Korean drift on Vietnamese Youth overtake find out the set up of the Korean quiver on materialization battalions behaviors.On the other hand, the study in addition economic aids Vietnamese enterprises gain much than ensure about the success of this phenomenon so that they ar able to take advant get along with of these subjects on their channel, which targets Vietnamese customers. Overview about Korean Wave In the last two decades, the Korean shiver has earned a very considerable normality in many countries around the world. Following the initial rushing of interest in Korean telly capers and popular unison, instantaneouslyadays all things make in Korean ? from food, movies and dances to appearance and flargon ? are quite the rage.The Korean wind is establishing itself as a global phenomenon that has already washed everywhere East Asia and is now r to each oneing the shores of Europe, Latin the States and the spirit East. Korean Wave in the man The Korea Tourism Organization conducted an online survey of 12,085 non-Korean visitors from 102 countries on its website from May 11th to May 31st, 2012. The questionnaire, which include seven questions related to Korea, had been provided to the interviewees in incompatible languages to see what makes the foreigners interested in the Korean quiver.The survey conducted asked the interviewees to select an item of the Korean fluctuate that interested them the most(prenominal). The results showed a unretentive much than 53 per centum of 6,447 respondents picked K-pop. This was followed by TV loosenesss with 33 percent, films with six percent and others with seven percent. By age group, 49 percent of the respondents were in their twenties, followed by those in their thirties at 18 percent, teenagers at 17 percent and those in their forties at eight percent.The survey showed that, equivalent a shot the Korean curl has been spread not except in Asia tho in addition around entire world from Asia to Europe, from America to Oceania and it is continuing to spread worldwide, where it is being consumed by an increase in global audiences. to a greater extent classically, most of the attracted nation are in their 20s and teenagers who are enthusiastically consuming the images and messages offered by the Korean wave. Korean Wave in Vietnam Since the government of Vietnam and South Korea established an authorised diplomatic descent, the Vietnamese audiences hold back more than come acrosss to enjoy Korean dramas.E fussyly, during the final age of 20th century, man y Korean tv set series were introduced in Vietnam through the deepen refining programs or promotional products offered from huge economic Korean groups. These films like xanthous Daisy (1997), First Love (1999), Winter Sonata (2002), precious st bingle in the Palace (2003), brought a saucy feeling to the Vietnamese audiences and were in addition the stolon of all step of the Korean wave first base in Vietnam.Moreover, this stage in like manner apothegm a rapid development of discipline technology and mass media that made this wave closer to the audiences, especially the youth in the midst of 13 and 22 yrs obsolescent who were attracted easily more than other age groups. In the new years, taking wages of dramas fame, the Korean wave has been expanding to Korean harmony and behavior that has do an overwhelming heathen tendencies up to now. Three Main Aspects of Korean Wave on Young extension Korean DramasDuring the last five years of 20th century, the Vietnam ese dramas became boring because they were influenced potently by the traditional viewpoints in society. In contrast, at this time, the first appearance of the Korean dramas with romantic love, complication in family relationship help the Vietnamese audiences be more satisfied with their diversion needs. In addition, with the similarities in enculturation as tumesce as the development of the mass media, Korean dramas spend a penny been accepted easily and have find more popular in Vietnam.From the decision of our survey about the favorite movies, which was researched from 75 five-year-old people belonging to the 13-21 year olds in Ho qi Minh City, the education was described by the pie chart infra pic As the chart shows, more than 30% of the interviewees pick Korean drama as their favorite film that in any case occupies the largest trigger in the chart. Following that, Chinese drama and European & Ameri finish movies account for 23% and 25% respectively. The two last se ctors are Vietnamese drama and the others with the figures being 11% and 10% respectively.From the information above, it keep be intelligibly observed that Korean drama is now dominating major help of tender Vietnamese audiences and it leaves strong influences on their lives. One of the most important reasons make the youth interested in Korean dramas is the splendiferous appearance with the familiar form being the hand near boys and fair girls with their staring(a) make-up. In addition, most of the characters endlessly garments in dashing clothes with hairstyles that not only attract the three-year-old multiplication to the content of the film save besides acquire the fashion waves in reality.Another side, Korean dramas are generally consistent with the psychology of young people. To be more specific, sooner of some love stories with unhappy endings, the recent Korean films such as Boys over flowers, Dream High, Youre picturesque focus on the honest emotions of eminent school students with many funny and evoke details but not less(prenominal) romantic. Finally, an important point of Korean boob tube series is the introduction of Korean culture, especially cuisines. concord to Huang Kim Chi, one of the traditional Korean foods, has become a sic accompaniment of the betrothal of Korean TV dramas (2009, p. 26). In this way, these films lead young viewers to the content of the films as well as make the singular about them. Korean Music afterwards the signifi brush asidet success of dramas, the Korean wave has continued expanding its influences on the young Vietnamese multiplication by the appearance of Korean medicine, also known K-pop as throw together Hyunjoon (2009) states As the danceable rhythm and crafty melody realizeed by good-looking utterers and groups brush across East- and Southeast Asia, Korean pop music has become one of the briny components of the so-called Korean Wave (para. 2).According to our conclusion in a surve y of 75 young people in Ho Chi Minh City, it throne be clearly seen that the interest train in Korean music occupied a minority of the total interviewees. pic As regards details, 35% of young respondents picked K-pop as their favorite music. This was followed by European & American music with 27%, Vietnamese music with 21%, Japanese music with 11% and others with 6%. The results above shows that K-pop dominates the music market set up of the Vietnamese youth delinquent to some reason below Firstly, Korean call options always fulfill the tastes of young audiences with their propellantal melodies.In addition, with the joyful voices and ear-catching rhythms, these songs overcome the barriers of language in order to become closer to young listeners. Secondly, Korean songs also attract young peoples attention to their complete(a)ive tense images. To be more detailed, handsome boys and beautiful girls who have headmaster dancing skills perform most of the music exposures. Bes ides, these clips are conservatively combined with the effects from the rich lights to create the bright picture. That is also the reason why the song Gangnam Style by PSY becomes known and creates a new Korean wave up to now.According to the BBC, PSY became the first South Korean artist to hit bit one on the UK music charts and his song became the first Korean song to reach none 1 on YouTube (October 31st ,2012) Finally, an important element contributing to the success of Korean songs is the content or message from the video clip. Actually, these stories affect the Vietnamese music market because they may be so colorful and expert of energy or may be so sad with a lot of tears by some love stories which the main actor or actress gets cancer.Take the Single Chuyen Nhu Chua Bat Dau of well-known singer My Tam as an event of this. This song is also a sad stage following the Korean style and it touches the wagon of the youth lightly. My Tam is very flip when choosing this so ng to register with Youtube and she became the first Vietnamese to be an official partner of YouTube (Tuoitrenews, idealistic 2nd, 2012) Korean Fashion Fashion, which affects everybodys lives by getting them involved in something has become an inevitable part of young people.Gradually, Korean fashion is one of the strongest elements, which affects remarkably to the youth. According to survey about the fashion styles from the poll of the youth, Korean fashion was the most popular style, accounting for 93% of the overall interviewees. It was followed by Vietnamese fashion with 34%. Obviously, overcoming the culture barriers in modern society, the upward purport of Korean fashion has penetrated deeply into the lives of many young Vietnamese. A reality has shown that in the streets of Ho Chi MinhCity and Hanoi, fashion cognizant young Vietnamese have adopt the darker makeup colors, thinly shaved eyebrows, body-hugging clothes, and square-toed shoes of Seoul fashion (The Russia Jou rnal, Jan. twenty-fifth 2002, p. 33). pic Besides, the youth seem tobe more fashionable and want to please each other, stars of such dramas have become burnished idols in those nations and fans there emulate the fashion, hairstyle or makeup of Korean stars (Hyundai heavy industries idea on pop culture, 2004).To clarify, most of young people love the Korean fashion style due to its popularity and authoritative fashion trend. Moreover, another reason that convinces the level of explaining the fashion choices is that the Korean fashion style suits their styles and helps them express their personalities. In addition, Korean fashion has many similarities with Vietnamese fashion with 40% and 28%, respectively. Subsequently, 10% of young people are interested in the Korean fashion style because they want to be like their Korean idols. pic The Positive and negatively charged Influences of Korean WaveObviously, these analyses above indicate that nowadays, the Korean wave leaves significa nt impacts on the Vietnamese people in general as well as the young generation in particular including some(prenominal) decreed and negative aspects. Positive Influences Through admiring the Korean stars in dramas and music as well as for their fashion styles, Vietnamese youth can not only retaliate their own entertainment needs but also learn beautiful and fashionable queueing styles, smart and educated behaviors from their Korean idols in the films. Another positive effect is a reduce of Korean stars willing be able to ecome shining mirrors for the Vietnamese youth due to their efforts in both entertainment and education. Take Kim Tae Hee, a beautiful actress is famous not only for her professional performance but also her estimable academic achievements, as an illustration of this. She always topped the class with a perfect G. P. A during the period of high school. later graduating, Kim Tae Hee continued her studies at Seoul University, the most prestigious University in Korea. Negative Influences The Korean wave has spread rapidly passim Vietnam without selecting to be suitable for the Vietnamese tradition.This promoter that through this wave, the majority of young generation gradually forget Vietnamese culture. In recent years, many young couples take wearing Hanbok, the Korean traditional dress in their weddings, to Ao dai, the Vietnamese traditional dress, for example. In addition, they also try to memorize the information about their favorite stars instead than the celebrities of our surface area Another significant drawback that should be celebrated is that a group of young people have an excessive devotion to their idols, which exceeds the grateful limits of Vietnamese culture.Moreover, a large number of young people spend in any case much time and money on dressing up and applying make- up like the Korean style, and hunting for clothes, which are rather similar to their idols. The consequence is the appearance of unbefitting fashion styles and hairstyles everywhere, especially in the giving cities. Opportunities from Korean Wave in business The Korean wave brings positive images that become a transporter of other Korean products such as technologies, fashions, cosmetics, tourism and entertainment services.Based on the influences of the Korean wave, Vietnamese enterprises can apply some effective strategies in Vietnam. The first dodge is the collaboration with Korean stars for marketing and development of the products in Vietnam, victimisation Korean idols as models for publicizing products, for example Lee Min Ho performing a role in advertising Lotte Pie and Jang Dong Gun modelling for Close Up toothpaste. By retention some events in Vietnam and connecting stars images with product concepts, producers can increase the demand and interest of Korean fans, then they can increase the employment and revenue.The SoundFest Music Festival on April 14th, 2012 was a very successful event sponsored by Samsung and C oca green goddess. Instead of buying tickets at a high price to satisfy their passion for seeing Big hit the hay a well-known South Korean pop band, fans also had chances to go to the festival free if they won the promotional consider from Samsung and Coca Cola. Korean fans found a code under Coca Cola bottle caps or sent the IMEI number of Samsung phones to get the tickets. Besides increasing the revenue, producers also upgraded their image and value in their market.The s strategy is that companies can take full advantages of this wave to trade on fashion and cosmetic products because the image of Korean actors and singers importantly affected the youths expending tendencies. The local distributors can import Korean fashion and cosmetic products to put up for sale in the Vietnam market. Besides that, they should also consider purpose and producing fashion products with the Korean style so that they can lucifer the youths taste. The third strategy is to develop tourism bund les designed for Korean fans.Tour packages that combine concerts, shopping and sightseeing help tourist not only figure the Korean entertainment effort well, but also can visit the marvellous places and studios in the dramas, such as the carbon mountain in Sonata Winter and the palaces in Dae Jang Geum. The reality has shown that Vietravel Company cooperated with Korean communicate to make the Korean tour package in August 2012, which combines some special activities on music festival and travel tour. This is a shinning signal for cooperation between Korea and Vietnam in tourist industry.The forth strategy is designing restaurant and coffee shop with Korean styles. Although the prices at the restaurant are expensive, the youth willingly spend their money on enjoying special Korean food. The youth can find Korean entertainment, such as movies and music discs, posters of famous singers and actors and the lasted fashion magazines, in these coffee shops. This is also a place to ex change cultural things, the Korean fans can share information and open a club for practicing the Korean language.The Korean wave may bring many opportunities to Vietnamese enterprises so that if they can catch the chance and understand the wave well, they can have wise strategies to develop their businesses in the future. coating The result of our survey of 75 young people in Ho Chi Minh City about the influences of the Korean wave on Vietnamese youth proves over again that the Korean wave not only spreads around the world but also has a direct impact on Vietnamese youth, especially from three elements drama, music and fashion.Besides that, we can also find out the concrete psychology and interests of the Vietnamese youth for business strategies. Therefore, the Vietnamese policy makers are able to make reasonable policies to go on the development of the Vietnamese entertainment industry. This creates the dynamic to propagandize Vietnamese art and culture around the world to bring more profits for the Vietnamese entertainment industry. On the other hand, the Vietnamese entertainment industry can benchmark the Korean wave to reach around the world so that we are able to create a same phenomenon in the near future.